5.3.3 Geodatabase中的拓扑 GeodatabaseWorkbook.pdf You will edit: Chap.2 3）Fixing topology errors Now you will check the edits you’ve just made to find out if they violate the topology rules defined for these features. Creating a new dimension feature Modifying the hydrant lateral When the new hydrant lateral is created, a number of things happen. 1）Moving a fire hydrant feature Chap.3 Exercise 7: 5. Using geodatabase topology to clean up your data 3）Adding the topology to the map 10）Changing a point error symbol 7）Adding feature classes to the topology Set Snapping to End of LotLines 11）Creating a new polygon 9）Adding the new topology to ArcMap 8）Adding rules to the topology LotIds、Lots Right-click the StudyArea dataset in ArcCatalog, point to New and click Polygon Feature Class From Lines.—LotLines、LotIds 6）Creating a new polygon feature class (Lots) from lines 5）Dirty Areas 4）Correcting topology errors Click the Error Inspector button on the Topology toolbar. LotLines--Must Not Have Dangles 2）Creating a geodatabase topology D:\ArcTutor\Editor\ExerciseData\EditorTutorial.mdb （StudyArea） 1）Navigating to the study area dataset 2）Creating a new hydrant lateral change the selectable layers from all layers to Hydrants. This will make it easier to move the hydrant. 主要操作步骤： 主要操作步骤(EditHydrant)： 4. Editing geometric network features Editing the parcels Imagine that you work for the city water department. You’ve been asked to update the geodatabase to show the new position of a fire hydrant that has been moved and to add another hydrant and its associated pipes and fittings. Just as you can edit edges and nodes shared by multiple features in a topology, a geometric network allows you to edit network edge and junction features and maintain network connectivity between them. Preparing to edit the parcels 3. Making topological edits 2）Inspecting topology errors 1）Click the Validate Topology In Current Extent button 1.Editing attributes of geodatabase features The Topology toolbar provides tools to help you find and correct topology errors and also provides editing tools to help you avoid creating topology errors when editing features in a topology. Validating topology edits 主要操作步骤: 2. Finding and correcting topology errors 主要操作步骤: （1）拓扑基础 空间数据的拓扑关系及其处理方法在高级的空间分析处理和空间数据库数据质量保证方面具有相当重要的作用。在ArcGIS 8.3及ArcGIS 9 中，Geodatabase 提供了全新的拓扑规则及工具。 拓扑关系规则可作用于同一要素数据集中的不同要素类或者同一要素类中的不同要素。 比较典型的拓扑规则例子是：Geodatabase中并不实际保存拓扑关系。不同要素类之间的公共点、公共边等要素是在拓扑编辑过程中动态地检测到的。1. 拓扑规则 拓扑规则可以定义在要素类的不同要素之间，也可以定义在两个或多个要素类之间。 Topology is used most fundamentally to ensure data quality and to allow your geodatabase to more realistically represent geographic features. A geodatabase provides a framework within which features can have behavior, such as subtypes, default values, attribute domains, validation rules, and structured relationships, to tables or other features. This behavior enables you to more accurately model the world and maintain referential integrity between objects in the geodatabase.Topologies store several sets of parameters—rules, ranks, and cluster tolerances. They also maintain internal feature layers that contain dirty areas, errors, and exceptions.Topology may be considered an extension of this framework for behavior that allows you to control the geometric relationships between features and to maintain their geometric integrity. Unlike other feature behavior, topology rules are managed at the level of the topology and dataset, not for individual feature classes. ArcGIS 9给出了25条可供选用的拓扑规则。在以后发布的版本中，还会给出更多的规则。 对一个要素数据集，可以定义一个拓扑关系类，在拓扑关系类中，指定若干我们希望数据满足的拓扑关系规则。通过定义拓扑关系类，就能按特定的要求规定要素本身及其间必须遵守的空间拓扑约束。 1）多边形不能相互重叠（两个建设用地地块间不可相互重叠）； Instead of storing topological information with the feature classes, the topology discovers those relationships when the information is requested, such as when you are editing using the shared geometry tool. To help you manage the process of creating and editing a logically consistent topology, the topology internally stores two additional types of feature classes: dirty areas and error features.4. 拓扑关系正确性检查 Topologies also store error features, which record where topological errors were discovered during validation. 在ArcGIS Desktop中提供了一组Topology工具用于对空间数据的拓扑关系正确性进行检查。 后面两种处理方式是有本质不同的。暂不处理的错误仍然是错误，只要不改正永远都会被记录和标识出来。而当我们将错误置为例外时，就等于指定该处为一个特殊情况，可以不受我们定义的拓扑关系规则的约束，不再将其视为错误。多边形规则点规则This rule is applied to all line and polygon feature classes that participate in the topology.线、多边形共用规则（3）基于拓扑的要素编辑线规则拓扑规则是对地理对象之间的重合、相邻和连通等空间关系的定义，理解ArcGIS 中的拓扑规则，可以将其用以数据建模，更好地表达地理信息。 Geodatabase中的拓扑规则共26个： Error Inspector button on the Topology（2）Geodatabase中的拓扑规则 小结 C:\Program Files\ ArcGIS\ Documentation\ topology_rules_poster.pdf 对于被检查出来的拓扑关系错误，用户可有三种选择：5. 拓扑关系错误处理可以打开错误查看器（Error Inspector）以列表方式查看所有拓扑关系出错记录。在ArcMap中，错误查看器中的错误记录与地图上的要素是相关联的，点取任一记录都可在地图上看到其所在位置被高亮显示。检查结果会作为一个特殊的图层加载到地图文档中供显示，所有存在拓扑关系错误的地方都会在该层中以特定（可自定义）的颜色和符号明显地显示出来。Certain errors may be acceptable, in which case the error features can be marked as exceptions. Errors and exceptions Dirty areas are created when: Dirty areas let the topology efficiently track the places where topology rules may have been violated during editing. The dirty areas allow selected parts, rather than the whole extent of the topology, to be validated after editing. 4）两个线层不能相交（地下管线和道路中心线不能有交叉点），等等。 在拓扑关系类中，除了拓扑关系规则外，还要指定：参与拓扑约束的各要素类、容限值（cluster tolerance）、精度等级（rank）。 2. 拓扑属性 容限值：指落在以此值为半径的圆形区域内的所有点被看成是一致的，会被捕捉（snap）到一起。 Dirty areas are stored in the topology as a single feature, with each new dirty area united with the existing dirty area and each area that has been validated removed from the dirty area. 3. Feature layers maintained by a topology 精度级别：每个参与拓扑约束的要素类都可以人为地赋予一个精度级别，精度级别越高，在容限值范围内需要移动时就越稳定，即：级别低的要向级别高的靠拢。当不同的要素类数据精度不一致时，通常应将精度较高者设定为较高级别。 通过修改拓扑关系类的定义，就能够方便地改变对拓扑关系约束的要求。这给我们管理空间数据带来了很大的灵活性。 3）不能有悬挂结点（用地红线不能有多余的出头线段）； 2）点必须被多边形边线覆盖（建设用地的界址点必须在用地红线上）； Dirty areas 图4-5-11拓扑属性 1.A feature is created or deleted.
2.A feature’s geometry is modified.
3.A feature’s subtype is changed.
4.Versions are reconciled.
5.The topology properties are modified. 图4-5-12 Dirty areas创建 图4-5-13 Errors and exceptions Validate Topology in Specified Area;
Validate Topology in Current Extent;
Validate Entire Topology。 1）用编辑工具改正这个错误；
2）对该错误暂不处理;
3）将该错误置为例外。 1）Rules define the permissible relationships between features.
2）Ranks control which features may be moved to other features when snapping the topology together in the initial validation and during subsequent validations of the topology.
3）The x,y and z cluster tolerances define how close vertices must be to each other in order to be considered coincident.
4）Dirty areas allow the topology to limit the area that must be checked for topology errors during topology validation.
5）Errors and exceptions are stored as features in the topology and allow you to render and manage the places where features do not obey the topology rules you specified. 图4-5-14 Geodatabase中的拓扑规则 多边形规则9个;
线规则12个;
线、多边形共用规则1个;
点规则4个。

序号	规则	使用情况
1	Must not overlap	如果确认同一要素类（或子类）之间多边形不能互相重叠的时候
2	Must not have gaps	如果确认要素类（或子类）中的所有多边形能够构成一个连续的没有空隙的表面的时候
3	Contains point	在多边形要素类（或子类）中，保证每个多边形中都包含其它点要素类中的一个点要素
4	Boundary must be covered by	在需要保证多边形的边线必须与其它线状要素类（或子类）重合的时候
5	Must be covered by feature class of polygon 如：States are covered by counties.	Use this rule when each polygon in one feature class or subtype should be covered by all the polygons of another feature class or subtype.
6	Must be covered by 如Counties must be covered by states.	Use this rule when you want one set of polygons to be covered by some part of another single polygon in another feature class or subtype.
7	Must not overlap with	如果确认两个要素类之间的要素是互不重叠的时候
8	Must cover each other	如果确认两个要素类（或其子类）之间所覆盖的区域相同的时候
9	Area boundary must be covered by boundary of	如果确认某个多边形要素类（或子类）的边线被覆盖在其它多边形要素类（或子类）边线的时候

序号	规则	使用情况
1	Must not have dangles	如果确认线要素类（子类）中的每一条线段都与本身或者本要素类（子类）中其它要素相接触
2	Must not have pseudo-nodes	如果线要素的端点仅和其它一条线要素接触的时候
3	Must not overlap	如果确认同一要素类（子类）中的要素不重叠
4	Must not self overlap	如果确认要素类中的要素不能自重叠
5	Must not intersect	如果确认要素不被同一要素类中的其它要素相交和重叠
6	Must not self intersect	如果确认要素类中的要素不能自相交
7	Must not intersect or touch interior	如果线要素只能够在端点处接触
8	Must cover each other	如果确认要素的形体是由单个部件构成
9	Must not overlap with	如果确认两个要素类之间的要素不能在空间重叠
10	Must be covered by feature class of lines	假如确认某个要素类的要素一定要被另一要素类的要素所覆盖
11	Endpoint must be covered by	如果确认线要素类的端点被点要素所覆盖
12	Must be covered by boundary of（line）	如果确认线要素的必定被多边形要素的边线所覆盖

序号	规则	使用情况
1	Must be properly inside polygons	如果确认某个点要素类的要素全部落在另一面要素中（边界上不算）
2	Must be covered by boundary of（point）	如果确认点要素类的要素都恰好被多边形要素的边线所覆盖
3	Must be covered by endpoint of	如果确认某个点要素类的要素被线要素的端点所覆盖
4	Point must be covered by line	如果确认点要素类中的要素被线覆盖

1）attributes of geodatabase feature classes
2）values in a table connected to a feature class by a relationship class（Owners table, which is related to the Parcels feature class by the Parcel Owners relationship class）
3）change the subtype of a feature. 1）Add the Editor toolbar and the Topology toolbar to the map
2）Visiting a bookmarked area—EditParcel
3）Select feature
4）Viewing and editing values in a related table (Attributes button on the Editor toolbar) a）Percentage ownership (in a related table )
b）Editing the subtype (Non-Residential to Residential) （a）Parcels Must Not Overlap rule.
（b）Parcels: Residential Must Be Covered By Blocks: Residential 1）Imagine you’ve been asked to move a parcel boundary to update the planning department’s database.
2）You will use the Topology Edit tool to edit the two features that share the common boundary.
3）Edges and nodes may be shared by several features in multiple feature classes.
4）In this exercise you will move an edge that represents the boundary shared by the two parcel features.
5）You will create two temporary topology nodes to make it easier to move the edge to the new location. 1）Snapping to Topology nodes
2）Editor Options -- Topology tab -- Check Unselected Nodes 1）Create two temporary topology nodes
2）Select edge and node, split-move them a）Set Selectable Layers: Distribution mains, Water laterals, and Water distribution network fittings;
b）Click the Task dropdown arrow and click Create New Feature on Water laterals – Hydrant laterals subtype
c）Set Snapping to Edge of Distribution mains
d）perpendicular to the distribution main a）First, a junction between the distribution main and the hydrant lateral is created, and they are topologically connected in the network.
b）Next, a junction feature is also added to the other end of the new hydrant lateral. Another connectivity rule exists between water laterals and hydrants.
c）In addition, when the new hydrant lateral was added, its annotation was also added. A relationship class in the geodatabase links laterals to the LateralDiam annotation feature class. a）LotIds "Must be Properly Inside" Lots
b）LotLines "Must be Covered By Boundary Of" Lots
c）Validate 图4-5-10 [上一根节] [回节目录] [下一节] [根节目录] [回章目录]